DockerCLI/docs/reference/run.md

description	keywords	aliases	title
Running and configuring containers with the Docker CLI	docker, run, cli	/reference/run/	Running containers

Docker runs processes in isolated containers. A container is a process which runs on a host. The host may be local or remote. When an you execute docker run, the container process that runs is isolated in that it has its own file system, its own networking, and its own isolated process tree separate from the host.

This page details how to use the docker run command to run containers.

General form

A docker run command takes the following form:

$ docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE[:TAG|@DIGEST] [COMMAND] [ARG...]

The docker run command must specify an image reference to create the container from.

Image references

The image reference is the name and version of the image. You can use the image reference to create or run a container based on an image.

• docker run IMAGE[:TAG][@DIGEST]
• docker create IMAGE[:TAG][@DIGEST]

An image tag is the image version, which defaults to latest when omitted. Use the tag to run a container from specific version of an image. For example, to run version 23.10 of the ubuntu image: docker run ubuntu:23.10.

Image digests

Images using the v2 or later image format have a content-addressable identifier called a digest. As long as the input used to generate the image is unchanged, the digest value is predictable.

The following example runs a container from the alpine image with the sha256:9cacb71397b640eca97488cf08582ae4e4068513101088e9f96c9814bfda95e0 digest:

$ docker run alpine@sha256:9cacb71397b640eca97488cf08582ae4e4068513101088e9f96c9814bfda95e0 date

Options

[OPTIONS] let you configure options for the container. For example, you can give the container a name (--name), or run it as a background process (-d). You can also set options to control things like resource constraints and networking.

Commands and arguments

You can use the [COMMAND] and [ARG...] positional arguments to specify commands and arguments for the container to run when it starts up. For example, you can specify sh as the [COMMAND], combined with the -i and -t flags, to start an interactive shell in the container (if the image you select has an sh executable on PATH).

$ docker run -it IMAGE sh

Note

Depending on your Docker system configuration, you may be required to preface the docker run command with sudo. To avoid having to use sudo with the docker command, your system administrator can create a Unix group called docker and add users to it. For more information about this configuration, refer to the Docker installation documentation for your operating system.

Foreground and background

When you start a container, the container runs in the foreground by default. If you want to run the container in the background instead, you can use the --detach (or -d) flag. This starts the container without occupying your terminal window.

$ docker run -d <IMAGE>

While the container runs in the background, you can interact with the container using other CLI commands. For example, docker logs lets you view the logs for the container, and docker attach brings it to the foreground.

$ docker run -d nginx
0246aa4d1448a401cabd2ce8f242192b6e7af721527e48a810463366c7ff54f1
$ docker ps
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE     COMMAND                  CREATED         STATUS        PORTS     NAMES
0246aa4d1448   nginx     "/docker-entrypoint.…"   2 seconds ago   Up 1 second   80/tcp    pedantic_liskov
$ docker logs -n 5 0246aa4d1448
2023/11/06 15:58:23 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 33
2023/11/06 15:58:23 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 34
2023/11/06 15:58:23 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 35
2023/11/06 15:58:23 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 36
2023/11/06 15:58:23 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 37
$ docker attach 0246aa4d1448
^C
2023/11/06 15:58:40 [notice] 1#1: signal 2 (SIGINT) received, exiting
...

For more information about docker run flags related to foreground and background modes, see:

• docker run --detach: run container in background
• docker run --attach: attach to stdin, stdout, and stderr
• docker run --tty: allocate a pseudo-tty
• docker run --interactive: keep stdin open even if not attached

For more information about re-attaching to a background container, see docker attach.

Container identification

You can identify a container in three ways:

Identifier type	Example value
UUID long identifier	f78375b1c487e03c9438c729345e54db9d20cfa2ac1fc3494b6eb60872e74778
UUID short identifier	f78375b1c487
Name	evil_ptolemy

The UUID identifier is a random ID assigned to the container by the daemon.

The daemon generates a random string name for containers automatically. You can also defined a custom name using the --name flag. Defining a name can be a handy way to add meaning to a container. If you specify a name, you can use it when referring to the container in a user-defined network. This works for both background and foreground Docker containers.

A container identifier is not the same thing as an image reference. The image reference specifies which image to use when you run a container. You can't run docker exec nginx:alpine sh to open a shell in a container based on the nginx:alpine image, because docker exec expects a container identifier (name or ID), not an image.

While the image used by a container is not an identifier for the container, you find out the IDs of containers using an image by using the --filter flag. For example, the following docker ps command gets the IDs of all running containers based on the nginx:alpine image:

$ docker ps -q --filter ancestor=nginx:alpine

For more information about using filters, see Filtering.

Container networking

Containers have networking enabled by default, and they can make outgoing connections. If you're running multiple containers that need to communicate with each other, you can create a custom network and attach the containers to the network.

When multiple containers are attached to the same custom network, they can communicate with each other using the container names as a DNS hostname. The following example creates a custom network named my-net, and runs two containers that attach to the network.

$ docker network create my-net
$ docker run -d --name web --network my-net nginx:alpine
$ docker run --rm -it --network my-net busybox
/ # ping web
PING web (172.18.0.2): 56 data bytes
64 bytes from 172.18.0.2: seq=0 ttl=64 time=0.326 ms
64 bytes from 172.18.0.2: seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.257 ms
64 bytes from 172.18.0.2: seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.281 ms
^C
--- web ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 packets received, 0% packet loss
round-trip min/avg/max = 0.257/0.288/0.326 ms

For more information about container networking, see Networking overview

Restart policies (--restart)

Using the --restart flag on Docker run you can specify a restart policy for how a container should or should not be restarted on exit.

When a restart policy is active on a container, it will be shown as either Up or Restarting in docker ps. It can also be useful to use docker events to see the restart policy in effect.

Docker supports the following restart policies:

Policy	Result
no	Do not automatically restart the container when it exits. This is the default.
on-failure[:max-retries]	Restart only if the container exits with a non-zero exit status. Optionally, limit the number of restart retries the Docker daemon attempts.
always	Always restart the container regardless of the exit status. When you specify always, the Docker daemon will try to restart the container indefinitely. The container will also always start on daemon startup, regardless of the current state of the container.
unless-stopped	Always restart the container regardless of the exit status, including on daemon startup, except if the container was put into a stopped state before the Docker daemon was stopped.

An increasing delay (double the previous delay, starting at 100 milliseconds) is added before each restart to prevent flooding the server. This means the daemon will wait for 100 ms, then 200 ms, 400, 800, 1600, and so on until either the on-failure limit, the maximum delay of 1 minute is hit, or when you docker stop or docker rm -f the container.

If a container is successfully restarted (the container is started and runs for at least 10 seconds), the delay is reset to its default value of 100 ms.

You can specify the maximum amount of times Docker will try to restart the container when using the on-failure policy. The default is that Docker will try forever to restart the container. The number of (attempted) restarts for a container can be obtained via docker inspect. For example, to get the number of restarts for container "my-container";

$ docker inspect -f "{{ .RestartCount }}" my-container
# 2

Or, to get the last time the container was (re)started;

$ docker inspect -f "{{ .State.StartedAt }}" my-container
# 2015-03-04T23:47:07.691840179Z

Combining --restart (restart policy) with the --rm (clean up) flag results in an error. On container restart, attached clients are disconnected. See the examples on using the --rm (clean up) flag later in this page.

Examples

$ docker run --restart=always redis

This will run the redis container with a restart policy of always so that if the container exits, Docker will restart it.

$ docker run --restart=on-failure:10 redis

This will run the redis container with a restart policy of on-failure and a maximum restart count of 10. If the redis container exits with a non-zero exit status more than 10 times in a row Docker will abort trying to restart the container. Providing a maximum restart limit is only valid for the on-failure policy.

Exit Status

The exit code from docker run gives information about why the container failed to run or why it exited. When docker run exits with a non-zero code, the exit codes follow the chroot standard, see below:

125 if the error is with Docker daemon itself

$ docker run --foo busybox; echo $?

flag provided but not defined: --foo
See 'docker run --help'.
125

126 if the contained command cannot be invoked

$ docker run busybox /etc; echo $?

docker: Error response from daemon: Container command '/etc' could not be invoked.
126

127 if the contained command cannot be found

$ docker run busybox foo; echo $?

docker: Error response from daemon: Container command 'foo' not found or does not exist.
127

Exit code of contained command otherwise

$ docker run busybox /bin/sh -c 'exit 3'
$ echo $?
3

Clean up (--rm)

By default a container's file system persists even after the container exits. This makes debugging a lot easier (since you can inspect the final state) and you retain all your data by default. But if you are running short-term foreground processes, these container file systems can really pile up. If instead you'd like Docker to automatically clean up the container and remove the file system when the container exits, you can add the --rm flag:

--rm=false: Automatically remove the container when it exits

Note

If you set the --rm flag, Docker also removes the anonymous volumes associated with the container when the container is removed. This is similar to running docker rm -v my-container. Only volumes that are specified without a name are removed. For example, when running:

$ docker run --rm -v /foo -v awesome:/bar busybox top

the volume for /foo will be removed, but the volume for /bar will not. Volumes inherited via --volumes-from will be removed with the same logic: if the original volume was specified with a name it will not be removed.

Security configuration

Option	Description
--security-opt="label=user:USER"	Set the label user for the container
--security-opt="label=role:ROLE"	Set the label role for the container
--security-opt="label=type:TYPE"	Set the label type for the container
--security-opt="label=level:LEVEL"	Set the label level for the container
--security-opt="label=disable"	Turn off label confinement for the container
--security-opt="apparmor=PROFILE"	Set the apparmor profile to be applied to the container
--security-opt="no-new-privileges=true"	Disable container processes from gaining new privileges
--security-opt="seccomp=unconfined"	Turn off seccomp confinement for the container
--security-opt="seccomp=profile.json"	White-listed syscalls seccomp Json file to be used as a seccomp filter

You can override the default labeling scheme for each container by specifying the --security-opt flag. Specifying the level in the following command allows you to share the same content between containers.

$ docker run --security-opt label=level:s0:c100,c200 -it fedora bash

Note

Automatic translation of MLS labels is not currently supported.

To disable the security labeling for this container versus running with the --privileged flag, use the following command:

$ docker run --security-opt label=disable -it fedora bash

If you want a tighter security policy on the processes within a container, you can specify an alternate type for the container. You could run a container that is only allowed to listen on Apache ports by executing the following command:

$ docker run --security-opt label=type:svirt_apache_t -it centos bash

Note

You would have to write policy defining a svirt_apache_t type.

If you want to prevent your container processes from gaining additional privileges, you can execute the following command:

$ docker run --security-opt no-new-privileges -it centos bash

This means that commands that raise privileges such as su or sudo will no longer work. It also causes any seccomp filters to be applied later, after privileges have been dropped which may mean you can have a more restrictive set of filters. For more details, see the kernel documentation.

Specify an init process

You can use the --init flag to indicate that an init process should be used as the PID 1 in the container. Specifying an init process ensures the usual responsibilities of an init system, such as reaping zombie processes, are performed inside the created container.

The default init process used is the first docker-init executable found in the system path of the Docker daemon process. This docker-init binary, included in the default installation, is backed by tini.

Specify custom cgroups

Using the --cgroup-parent flag, you can pass a specific cgroup to run a container in. This allows you to create and manage cgroups on their own. You can define custom resources for those cgroups and put containers under a common parent group.

Runtime constraints on resources

The operator can also adjust the performance parameters of the container:

Option	Description
-m, --memory=""	Memory limit (format: <number>[<unit>]). Number is a positive integer. Unit can be one of b, k, m, or g. Minimum is 6M.
--memory-swap=""	Total memory limit (memory + swap, format: <number>[<unit>]). Number is a positive integer. Unit can be one of b, k, m, or g.
--memory-reservation=""	Memory soft limit (format: <number>[<unit>]). Number is a positive integer. Unit can be one of b, k, m, or g.
--kernel-memory=""	Kernel memory limit (format: <number>[<unit>]). Number is a positive integer. Unit can be one of b, k, m, or g. Minimum is 4M.
-c, --cpu-shares=0	CPU shares (relative weight)
--cpus=0.000	Number of CPUs. Number is a fractional number. 0.000 means no limit.
--cpu-period=0	Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period
--cpuset-cpus=""	CPUs in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1)
--cpuset-mems=""	Memory nodes (MEMs) in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1). Only effective on NUMA systems.
--cpu-quota=0	Limit the CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) quota
--cpu-rt-period=0	Limit the CPU real-time period. In microseconds. Requires parent cgroups be set and cannot be higher than parent. Also check rtprio ulimits.
--cpu-rt-runtime=0	Limit the CPU real-time runtime. In microseconds. Requires parent cgroups be set and cannot be higher than parent. Also check rtprio ulimits.
--blkio-weight=0	Block IO weight (relative weight) accepts a weight value between 10 and 1000.
--blkio-weight-device=""	Block IO weight (relative device weight, format: DEVICE_NAME:WEIGHT)
--device-read-bps=""	Limit read rate from a device (format: <device-path>:<number>[<unit>]). Number is a positive integer. Unit can be one of kb, mb, or gb.
--device-write-bps=""	Limit write rate to a device (format: <device-path>:<number>[<unit>]). Number is a positive integer. Unit can be one of kb, mb, or gb.
--device-read-iops=""	Limit read rate (IO per second) from a device (format: <device-path>:<number>). Number is a positive integer.
--device-write-iops=""	Limit write rate (IO per second) to a device (format: <device-path>:<number>). Number is a positive integer.
--oom-kill-disable=false	Whether to disable OOM Killer for the container or not.
--oom-score-adj=0	Tune container's OOM preferences (-1000 to 1000)
--memory-swappiness=""	Tune a container's memory swappiness behavior. Accepts an integer between 0 and 100.
--shm-size=""	Size of /dev/shm. The format is <number><unit>. number must be greater than 0. Unit is optional and can be b (bytes), k (kilobytes), m (megabytes), or g (gigabytes). If you omit the unit, the system uses bytes. If you omit the size entirely, the system uses 64m.

User memory constraints

We have four ways to set user memory usage:

Option	Result
memory=inf, memory-swap=inf (default)	There is no memory limit for the container. The container can use as much memory as needed.
memory=L<inf, memory-swap=inf	(specify memory and set memory-swap as -1) The container is not allowed to use more than L bytes of memory, but can use as much swap as is needed (if the host supports swap memory).
memory=L<inf, memory-swap=2*L	(specify memory without memory-swap) The container is not allowed to use more than L bytes of memory, swap plus memory usage is double of that.
memory=L<inf, memory-swap=S<inf, L<=S	(specify both memory and memory-swap) The container is not allowed to use more than L bytes of memory, swap plus memory usage is limited by S.

Examples:

$ docker run -it ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

We set nothing about memory, this means the processes in the container can use as much memory and swap memory as they need.

$ docker run -it -m 300M --memory-swap -1 ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

We set memory limit and disabled swap memory limit, this means the processes in the container can use 300M memory and as much swap memory as they need (if the host supports swap memory).

$ docker run -it -m 300M ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

We set memory limit only, this means the processes in the container can use 300M memory and 300M swap memory, by default, the total virtual memory size (--memory-swap) will be set as double of memory, in this case, memory + swap would be 2*300M, so processes can use 300M swap memory as well.

$ docker run -it -m 300M --memory-swap 1G ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

We set both memory and swap memory, so the processes in the container can use 300M memory and 700M swap memory.

Memory reservation is a kind of memory soft limit that allows for greater sharing of memory. Under normal circumstances, containers can use as much of the memory as needed and are constrained only by the hard limits set with the -m/--memory option. When memory reservation is set, Docker detects memory contention or low memory and forces containers to restrict their consumption to a reservation limit.

Always set the memory reservation value below the hard limit, otherwise the hard limit takes precedence. A reservation of 0 is the same as setting no reservation. By default (without reservation set), memory reservation is the same as the hard memory limit.

Memory reservation is a soft-limit feature and does not guarantee the limit won't be exceeded. Instead, the feature attempts to ensure that, when memory is heavily contended for, memory is allocated based on the reservation hints/setup.

The following example limits the memory (-m) to 500M and sets the memory reservation to 200M.

$ docker run -it -m 500M --memory-reservation 200M ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

Under this configuration, when the container consumes memory more than 200M and less than 500M, the next system memory reclaim attempts to shrink container memory below 200M.

The following example set memory reservation to 1G without a hard memory limit.

$ docker run -it --memory-reservation 1G ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

The container can use as much memory as it needs. The memory reservation setting ensures the container doesn't consume too much memory for long time, because every memory reclaim shrinks the container's consumption to the reservation.

By default, kernel kills processes in a container if an out-of-memory (OOM) error occurs. To change this behaviour, use the --oom-kill-disable option. Only disable the OOM killer on containers where you have also set the -m/--memory option. If the -m flag is not set, this can result in the host running out of memory and require killing the host's system processes to free memory.

The following example limits the memory to 100M and disables the OOM killer for this container:

$ docker run -it -m 100M --oom-kill-disable ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

The following example, illustrates a dangerous way to use the flag:

$ docker run -it --oom-kill-disable ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

The container has unlimited memory which can cause the host to run out memory and require killing system processes to free memory. The --oom-score-adj parameter can be changed to select the priority of which containers will be killed when the system is out of memory, with negative scores making them less likely to be killed, and positive scores more likely.

Kernel memory constraints

Kernel memory is fundamentally different than user memory as kernel memory can't be swapped out. The inability to swap makes it possible for the container to block system services by consuming too much kernel memory. Kernel memory includes：

• stack pages
• slab pages
• sockets memory pressure
• tcp memory pressure

You can setup kernel memory limit to constrain these kinds of memory. For example, every process consumes some stack pages. By limiting kernel memory, you can prevent new processes from being created when the kernel memory usage is too high.

Kernel memory is never completely independent of user memory. Instead, you limit kernel memory in the context of the user memory limit. Assume "U" is the user memory limit and "K" the kernel limit. There are three possible ways to set limits:

Option	Result
U != 0, K = inf (default)	This is the standard memory limitation mechanism already present before using kernel memory. Kernel memory is completely ignored.
U != 0, K < U	Kernel memory is a subset of the user memory. This setup is useful in deployments where the total amount of memory per-cgroup is overcommitted. Overcommitting kernel memory limits is definitely not recommended, since the box can still run out of non-reclaimable memory. In this case, you can configure K so that the sum of all groups is never greater than the total memory. Then, freely set U at the expense of the system's service quality.
U != 0, K > U	Since kernel memory charges are also fed to the user counter and reclamation is triggered for the container for both kinds of memory. This configuration gives the admin a unified view of memory. It is also useful for people who just want to track kernel memory usage.

Examples:

$ docker run -it -m 500M --kernel-memory 50M ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

We set memory and kernel memory, so the processes in the container can use 500M memory in total, in this 500M memory, it can be 50M kernel memory tops.

$ docker run -it --kernel-memory 50M ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

We set kernel memory without -m, so the processes in the container can use as much memory as they want, but they can only use 50M kernel memory.

Swappiness constraint

By default, a container's kernel can swap out a percentage of anonymous pages. To set this percentage for a container, specify a --memory-swappiness value between 0 and 100. A value of 0 turns off anonymous page swapping. A value of 100 sets all anonymous pages as swappable. By default, if you are not using --memory-swappiness, memory swappiness value will be inherited from the parent.

For example, you can set:

$ docker run -it --memory-swappiness=0 ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

Setting the --memory-swappiness option is helpful when you want to retain the container's working set and to avoid swapping performance penalties.

CPU share constraint

By default, all containers get the same proportion of CPU cycles. This proportion can be modified by changing the container's CPU share weighting relative to the weighting of all other running containers.

To modify the proportion from the default of 1024, use the -c or --cpu-shares flag to set the weighting to 2 or higher. If 0 is set, the system will ignore the value and use the default of 1024.

The proportion will only apply when CPU-intensive processes are running. When tasks in one container are idle, other containers can use the left-over CPU time. The actual amount of CPU time will vary depending on the number of containers running on the system.

For example, consider three containers, one has a cpu-share of 1024 and two others have a cpu-share setting of 512. When processes in all three containers attempt to use 100% of CPU, the first container would receive 50% of the total CPU time. If you add a fourth container with a cpu-share of 1024, the first container only gets 33% of the CPU. The remaining containers receive 16.5%, 16.5% and 33% of the CPU.

On a multi-core system, the shares of CPU time are distributed over all CPU cores. Even if a container is limited to less than 100% of CPU time, it can use 100% of each individual CPU core.

For example, consider a system with more than three cores. If you start one container {C0} with -c=512 running one process, and another container {C1} with -c=1024 running two processes, this can result in the following division of CPU shares:

PID    container	CPU	CPU share
100    {C0}		0	100% of CPU0
101    {C1}		1	100% of CPU1
102    {C1}		2	100% of CPU2

CPU period constraint

The default CPU CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) period is 100ms. We can use --cpu-period to set the period of CPUs to limit the container's CPU usage. And usually --cpu-period should work with --cpu-quota.

Examples:

$ docker run -it --cpu-period=50000 --cpu-quota=25000 ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

If there is 1 CPU, this means the container can get 50% CPU worth of run-time every 50ms.

In addition to use --cpu-period and --cpu-quota for setting CPU period constraints, it is possible to specify --cpus with a float number to achieve the same purpose. For example, if there is 1 CPU, then --cpus=0.5 will achieve the same result as setting --cpu-period=50000 and --cpu-quota=25000 (50% CPU).

The default value for --cpus is 0.000, which means there is no limit.

For more information, see the CFS documentation on bandwidth limiting.

Cpuset constraint

We can set cpus in which to allow execution for containers.

Examples:

$ docker run -it --cpuset-cpus="1,3" ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

This means processes in container can be executed on cpu 1 and cpu 3.

$ docker run -it --cpuset-cpus="0-2" ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

This means processes in container can be executed on cpu 0, cpu 1 and cpu 2.

We can set mems in which to allow execution for containers. Only effective on NUMA systems.

Examples:

$ docker run -it --cpuset-mems="1,3" ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

This example restricts the processes in the container to only use memory from memory nodes 1 and 3.

$ docker run -it --cpuset-mems="0-2" ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

This example restricts the processes in the container to only use memory from memory nodes 0, 1 and 2.

CPU quota constraint

The --cpu-quota flag limits the container's CPU usage. The default 0 value allows the container to take 100% of a CPU resource (1 CPU). The CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) handles resource allocation for executing processes and is default Linux Scheduler used by the kernel. Set this value to 50000 to limit the container to 50% of a CPU resource. For multiple CPUs, adjust the --cpu-quota as necessary. For more information, see the CFS documentation on bandwidth limiting.

Block IO bandwidth (Blkio) constraint

By default, all containers get the same proportion of block IO bandwidth (blkio). This proportion is 500. To modify this proportion, change the container's blkio weight relative to the weighting of all other running containers using the --blkio-weight flag.

Note:

The blkio weight setting is only available for direct IO. Buffered IO is not currently supported.

The --blkio-weight flag can set the weighting to a value between 10 to 1000. For example, the commands below create two containers with different blkio weight:

$ docker run -it --name c1 --blkio-weight 300 ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash
$ docker run -it --name c2 --blkio-weight 600 ubuntu:22.04 /bin/bash

If you do block IO in the two containers at the same time, by, for example:

$ time dd if=/mnt/zerofile of=test.out bs=1M count=1024 oflag=direct

You'll find that the proportion of time is the same as the proportion of blkio weights of the two containers.

The --blkio-weight-device="DEVICE_NAME:WEIGHT" flag sets a specific device weight. The DEVICE_NAME:WEIGHT is a string containing a colon-separated device name and weight. For example, to set /dev/sda device weight to 200:

$ docker run -it \
    --blkio-weight-device "/dev/sda:200" \
    ubuntu

If you specify both the --blkio-weight and --blkio-weight-device, Docker uses the --blkio-weight as the default weight and uses --blkio-weight-device to override this default with a new value on a specific device. The following example uses a default weight of 300 and overrides this default on /dev/sda setting that weight to 200:

$ docker run -it \
    --blkio-weight 300 \
    --blkio-weight-device "/dev/sda:200" \
    ubuntu

The --device-read-bps flag limits the read rate (bytes per second) from a device. For example, this command creates a container and limits the read rate to 1mb per second from /dev/sda:

$ docker run -it --device-read-bps /dev/sda:1mb ubuntu

The --device-write-bps flag limits the write rate (bytes per second) to a device. For example, this command creates a container and limits the write rate to 1mb per second for /dev/sda:

$ docker run -it --device-write-bps /dev/sda:1mb ubuntu

Both flags take limits in the <device-path>:<limit>[unit] format. Both read and write rates must be a positive integer. You can specify the rate in kb (kilobytes), mb (megabytes), or gb (gigabytes).

The --device-read-iops flag limits read rate (IO per second) from a device. For example, this command creates a container and limits the read rate to 1000 IO per second from /dev/sda:

$ docker run -ti --device-read-iops /dev/sda:1000 ubuntu

The --device-write-iops flag limits write rate (IO per second) to a device. For example, this command creates a container and limits the write rate to 1000 IO per second to /dev/sda:

$ docker run -ti --device-write-iops /dev/sda:1000 ubuntu

Both flags take limits in the <device-path>:<limit> format. Both read and write rates must be a positive integer.

Additional groups

--group-add: Add additional groups to run as

By default, the docker container process runs with the supplementary groups looked up for the specified user. If one wants to add more to that list of groups, then one can use this flag:

$ docker run --rm --group-add audio --group-add nogroup --group-add 777 busybox id

uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=10(wheel),29(audio),99(nogroup),777

Runtime privilege and Linux capabilities

Option	Description
--cap-add	Add Linux capabilities
--cap-drop	Drop Linux capabilities
--privileged	Give extended privileges to this container
--device=[]	Allows you to run devices inside the container without the --privileged flag.

By default, Docker containers are "unprivileged" and cannot, for example, run a Docker daemon inside a Docker container. This is because by default a container is not allowed to access any devices, but a "privileged" container is given access to all devices (see the documentation on cgroups devices).

The --privileged flag gives all capabilities to the container. When the operator executes docker run --privileged, Docker will enable access to all devices on the host as well as set some configuration in AppArmor or SELinux to allow the container nearly all the same access to the host as processes running outside containers on the host. Additional information about running with --privileged is available on the Docker Blog.

If you want to limit access to a specific device or devices you can use the --device flag. It allows you to specify one or more devices that will be accessible within the container.

$ docker run --device=/dev/snd:/dev/snd ...

By default, the container will be able to read, write, and mknod these devices. This can be overridden using a third :rwm set of options to each --device flag:

$ docker run --device=/dev/sda:/dev/xvdc --rm -it ubuntu fdisk  /dev/xvdc

Command (m for help): q
$ docker run --device=/dev/sda:/dev/xvdc:r --rm -it ubuntu fdisk  /dev/xvdc
You will not be able to write the partition table.

Command (m for help): q

$ docker run --device=/dev/sda:/dev/xvdc:w --rm -it ubuntu fdisk  /dev/xvdc
    crash....

$ docker run --device=/dev/sda:/dev/xvdc:m --rm -it ubuntu fdisk  /dev/xvdc
fdisk: unable to open /dev/xvdc: Operation not permitted

In addition to --privileged, the operator can have fine grain control over the capabilities using --cap-add and --cap-drop. By default, Docker has a default list of capabilities that are kept. The following table lists the Linux capability options which are allowed by default and can be dropped.

Capability Key	Capability Description
AUDIT_WRITE	Write records to kernel auditing log.
CHOWN	Make arbitrary changes to file UIDs and GIDs (see chown(2)).
DAC_OVERRIDE	Bypass file read, write, and execute permission checks.
FOWNER	Bypass permission checks on operations that normally require the file system UID of the process to match the UID of the file.
FSETID	Don't clear set-user-ID and set-group-ID permission bits when a file is modified.
KILL	Bypass permission checks for sending signals.
MKNOD	Create special files using mknod(2).
NET_BIND_SERVICE	Bind a socket to internet domain privileged ports (port numbers less than 1024).
NET_RAW	Use RAW and PACKET sockets.
SETFCAP	Set file capabilities.
SETGID	Make arbitrary manipulations of process GIDs and supplementary GID list.
SETPCAP	Modify process capabilities.
SETUID	Make arbitrary manipulations of process UIDs.
SYS_CHROOT	Use chroot(2), change root directory.

The next table shows the capabilities which are not granted by default and may be added.

Capability Key	Capability Description
AUDIT_CONTROL	Enable and disable kernel auditing; change auditing filter rules; retrieve auditing status and filtering rules.
AUDIT_READ	Allow reading the audit log via multicast netlink socket.
BLOCK_SUSPEND	Allow preventing system suspends.
BPF	Allow creating BPF maps, loading BPF Type Format (BTF) data, retrieve JITed code of BPF programs, and more.
CHECKPOINT_RESTORE	Allow checkpoint/restore related operations. Introduced in kernel 5.9.
DAC_READ_SEARCH	Bypass file read permission checks and directory read and execute permission checks.
IPC_LOCK	Lock memory (mlock(2), mlockall(2), mmap(2), shmctl(2)).
IPC_OWNER	Bypass permission checks for operations on System V IPC objects.
LEASE	Establish leases on arbitrary files (see fcntl(2)).
LINUX_IMMUTABLE	Set the FS_APPEND_FL and FS_IMMUTABLE_FL i-node flags.
MAC_ADMIN	Allow MAC configuration or state changes. Implemented for the Smack LSM.
MAC_OVERRIDE	Override Mandatory Access Control (MAC). Implemented for the Smack Linux Security Module (LSM).
NET_ADMIN	Perform various network-related operations.
NET_BROADCAST	Make socket broadcasts, and listen to multicasts.
PERFMON	Allow system performance and observability privileged operations using perf_events, i915_perf and other kernel subsystems
SYS_ADMIN	Perform a range of system administration operations.
SYS_BOOT	Use reboot(2) and kexec_load(2), reboot and load a new kernel for later execution.
SYS_MODULE	Load and unload kernel modules.
SYS_NICE	Raise process nice value (nice(2), setpriority(2)) and change the nice value for arbitrary processes.
SYS_PACCT	Use acct(2), switch process accounting on or off.
SYS_PTRACE	Trace arbitrary processes using ptrace(2).
SYS_RAWIO	Perform I/O port operations (iopl(2) and ioperm(2)).
SYS_RESOURCE	Override resource Limits.
SYS_TIME	Set system clock (settimeofday(2), stime(2), adjtimex(2)); set real-time (hardware) clock.
SYS_TTY_CONFIG	Use vhangup(2); employ various privileged ioctl(2) operations on virtual terminals.
SYSLOG	Perform privileged syslog(2) operations.
WAKE_ALARM	Trigger something that will wake up the system.

Further reference information is available on the capabilities(7) - Linux man page, and in the Linux kernel source code.

Both flags support the value ALL, so to allow a container to use all capabilities except for MKNOD:

$ docker run --cap-add=ALL --cap-drop=MKNOD ...

The --cap-add and --cap-drop flags accept capabilities to be specified with a CAP_ prefix. The following examples are therefore equivalent:

$ docker run --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN ...
$ docker run --cap-add=CAP_SYS_ADMIN ...

For interacting with the network stack, instead of using --privileged they should use --cap-add=NET_ADMIN to modify the network interfaces.

$ docker run -it --rm  ubuntu:22.04 ip link add dummy0 type dummy

RTNETLINK answers: Operation not permitted

$ docker run -it --rm --cap-add=NET_ADMIN ubuntu:22.04 ip link add dummy0 type dummy

To mount a FUSE based filesystem, you need to combine both --cap-add and --device:

$ docker run --rm -it --cap-add SYS_ADMIN sshfs sshfs sven@10.10.10.20:/home/sven /mnt

fuse: failed to open /dev/fuse: Operation not permitted

$ docker run --rm -it --device /dev/fuse sshfs sshfs sven@10.10.10.20:/home/sven /mnt

fusermount: mount failed: Operation not permitted

$ docker run --rm -it --cap-add SYS_ADMIN --device /dev/fuse sshfs

# sshfs sven@10.10.10.20:/home/sven /mnt
The authenticity of host '10.10.10.20 (10.10.10.20)' can't be established.
ECDSA key fingerprint is 25:34:85:75:25:b0:17:46:05:19:04:93:b5:dd:5f:c6.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes
sven@10.10.10.20's password:

root@30aa0cfaf1b5:/# ls -la /mnt/src/docker

total 1516
drwxrwxr-x 1 1000 1000   4096 Dec  4 06:08 .
drwxrwxr-x 1 1000 1000   4096 Dec  4 11:46 ..
-rw-rw-r-- 1 1000 1000     16 Oct  8 00:09 .dockerignore
-rwxrwxr-x 1 1000 1000    464 Oct  8 00:09 .drone.yml
drwxrwxr-x 1 1000 1000   4096 Dec  4 06:11 .git
-rw-rw-r-- 1 1000 1000    461 Dec  4 06:08 .gitignore
....

The default seccomp profile will adjust to the selected capabilities, in order to allow use of facilities allowed by the capabilities, so you should not have to adjust this.

Logging drivers (--log-driver)

The container can have a different logging driver than the Docker daemon. Use the --log-driver=VALUE with the docker run command to configure the container's logging driver. The following options are supported:

Driver	Description
none	Disables any logging for the container. docker logs won't be available with this driver.
local	Logs are stored in a custom format designed for minimal overhead.
json-file	Default logging driver for Docker. Writes JSON messages to file. No logging options are supported for this driver.
syslog	Syslog logging driver for Docker. Writes log messages to syslog.
journald	Journald logging driver for Docker. Writes log messages to journald.
gelf	Graylog Extended Log Format (GELF) logging driver for Docker. Writes log messages to a GELF endpoint likeGraylog or Logstash.
fluentd	Fluentd logging driver for Docker. Writes log messages to fluentd (forward input).
awslogs	Amazon CloudWatch Logs logging driver for Docker. Writes log messages to Amazon CloudWatch Logs.
splunk	Splunk logging driver for Docker. Writes log messages to splunk using Event Http Collector.
etwlogs	Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) events. Writes log messages as Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) events. Only Windows platforms.
gcplogs	Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Logging. Writes log messages to Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Logging.
logentries	Rapid7 Logentries. Writes log messages to Rapid7 Logentries.

The docker logs command is available only for the json-file and journald logging drivers. For detailed information on working with logging drivers, see Configure logging drivers.

Overriding Dockerfile image defaults

When a developer builds an image from a Dockerfile or when committing it, the developer can set a number of default parameters that take effect when the image starts up as a container.

Four of the Dockerfile commands cannot be overridden at runtime: FROM, MAINTAINER, RUN, and ADD. Everything else has a corresponding override in docker run. We'll go through what the developer might have set in each Dockerfile instruction and how the operator can override that setting.

• CMD (Default Command or Options)
• ENTRYPOINT (Default Command to Execute at Runtime)
• EXPOSE (Incoming Ports)
• ENV (Environment Variables)
• HEALTHCHECK
• VOLUME (Shared Filesystems)
• USER
• WORKDIR

CMD (default command or options)

Recall the optional COMMAND in the Docker commandline:

$ docker run [OPTIONS] IMAGE[:TAG|@DIGEST] [COMMAND] [ARG...]

This command is optional because the person who created the IMAGE may have already provided a default COMMAND using the Dockerfile CMD instruction. As the operator (the person running a container from the image), you can override that CMD instruction just by specifying a new COMMAND.

If the image also specifies an ENTRYPOINT then the CMD or COMMAND get appended as arguments to the ENTRYPOINT.

ENTRYPOINT (default command to execute at runtime)

    --entrypoint="": Overwrite the default entrypoint set by the image

The ENTRYPOINT of an image is similar to a COMMAND because it specifies what executable to run when the container starts, but it is (purposely) more difficult to override. The ENTRYPOINT gives a container its default nature or behavior, so that when you set an ENTRYPOINT you can run the container as if it were that binary, complete with default options, and you can pass in more options via the COMMAND. But, sometimes an operator may want to run something else inside the container, so you can override the default ENTRYPOINT at runtime by using a string to specify the new ENTRYPOINT. Here is an example of how to run a shell in a container that has been set up to automatically run something else (like /usr/bin/redis-server):

$ docker run -it --entrypoint /bin/bash example/redis

or two examples of how to pass more parameters to that ENTRYPOINT:

$ docker run -it --entrypoint /bin/bash example/redis -c ls -l
$ docker run -it --entrypoint /usr/bin/redis-cli example/redis --help

You can reset a containers entrypoint by passing an empty string, for example:

$ docker run -it --entrypoint="" mysql bash

Note

Passing --entrypoint will clear out any default command set on the image (i.e. any CMD instruction in the Dockerfile used to build it).

EXPOSE (incoming ports)

The following run command options work with container networking:

--expose=[]: Expose a port or a range of ports inside the container.
             These are additional to those exposed by the `EXPOSE` instruction
-P         : Publish all exposed ports to the host interfaces
-p=[]      : Publish a container's port or a range of ports to the host
               format: ip:hostPort:containerPort | ip::containerPort | hostPort:containerPort | containerPort
               Both hostPort and containerPort can be specified as a
               range of ports. When specifying ranges for both, the
               number of container ports in the range must match the
               number of host ports in the range, for example:
                   -p 1234-1236:1234-1236/tcp

               When specifying a range for hostPort only, the
               containerPort must not be a range.  In this case the
               container port is published somewhere within the
               specified hostPort range. (e.g., `-p 1234-1236:1234/tcp`)

               (use 'docker port' to see the actual mapping)

--link=""  : Add link to another container (<name or id>:alias or <name or id>)

With the exception of the EXPOSE directive, an image developer hasn't got much control over networking. The EXPOSE instruction defines the initial incoming ports that provide services. These ports are available to processes inside the container. An operator can use the --expose option to add to the exposed ports.

To expose a container's internal port, an operator can start the container with the -P or -p flag. The exposed port is accessible on the host and the ports are available to any client that can reach the host.

The -P option publishes all the ports to the host interfaces. Docker binds each exposed port to a random port on the host. The range of ports are within an ephemeral port range defined by /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range. Use the -p flag to explicitly map a single port or range of ports.

The port number inside the container (where the service listens) does not need to match the port number exposed on the outside of the container (where clients connect). For example, inside the container an HTTP service is listening on port 80 (and so the image developer specifies EXPOSE 80 in the Dockerfile). At runtime, the port might be bound to 42800 on the host. To find the mapping between the host ports and the exposed ports, use docker port.

If the operator uses --link when starting a new client container in the default bridge network, then the client container can access the exposed port via a private networking interface. If --link is used when starting a container in a user-defined network as described in Networking overview, it will provide a named alias for the container being linked to.

ENV (environment variables)

Docker automatically sets some environment variables when creating a Linux container. Docker does not set any environment variables when creating a Windows container.

The following environment variables are set for Linux containers:

Variable	Value
HOME	Set based on the value of USER
HOSTNAME	The hostname associated with the container
PATH	Includes popular directories, such as /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
TERM	xterm if the container is allocated a pseudo-TTY

Additionally, the operator can set any environment variable in the container by using one or more -e flags, even overriding those mentioned above, or already defined by the developer with a Dockerfile ENV. If the operator names an environment variable without specifying a value, then the current value of the named variable is propagated into the container's environment:

$ export today=Wednesday
$ docker run -e "deep=purple" -e today --rm alpine env

PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
HOSTNAME=d2219b854598
deep=purple
today=Wednesday
HOME=/root

PS C:\> docker run --rm -e "foo=bar" microsoft/nanoserver cmd /s /c set
ALLUSERSPROFILE=C:\ProgramData
APPDATA=C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Roaming
CommonProgramFiles=C:\Program Files\Common Files
CommonProgramFiles(x86)=C:\Program Files (x86)\Common Files
CommonProgramW6432=C:\Program Files\Common Files
COMPUTERNAME=C2FAEFCC8253
ComSpec=C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe
foo=bar
LOCALAPPDATA=C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local
NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS=8
OS=Windows_NT
Path=C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Windows\System32\Wbem;C:\Windows\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Microsoft\WindowsApps
PATHEXT=.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD
PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE=AMD64
PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER=Intel64 Family 6 Model 62 Stepping 4, GenuineIntel
PROCESSOR_LEVEL=6
PROCESSOR_REVISION=3e04
ProgramData=C:\ProgramData
ProgramFiles=C:\Program Files
ProgramFiles(x86)=C:\Program Files (x86)
ProgramW6432=C:\Program Files
PROMPT=$P$G
PUBLIC=C:\Users\Public
SystemDrive=C:
SystemRoot=C:\Windows
TEMP=C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp
TMP=C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator\AppData\Local\Temp
USERDOMAIN=User Manager
USERNAME=ContainerAdministrator
USERPROFILE=C:\Users\ContainerAdministrator
windir=C:\Windows

Similarly the operator can set the HOSTNAME (Linux) or COMPUTERNAME (Windows) with -h.

HEALTHCHECK

  --health-cmd            Command to run to check health
  --health-interval       Time between running the check
  --health-retries        Consecutive failures needed to report unhealthy
  --health-timeout        Maximum time to allow one check to run
  --health-start-period   Start period for the container to initialize before starting health-retries countdown
  --health-start-interval Time between running the check during the start period
  --no-healthcheck        Disable any container-specified HEALTHCHECK

Example:

$ docker run --name=test -d \
    --health-cmd='stat /etc/passwd || exit 1' \
    --health-interval=2s \
    busybox sleep 1d
$ sleep 2; docker inspect --format='{{.State.Health.Status}}' test
healthy
$ docker exec test rm /etc/passwd
$ sleep 2; docker inspect --format='{{json .State.Health}}' test
{
  "Status": "unhealthy",
  "FailingStreak": 3,
  "Log": [
    {
      "Start": "2016-05-25T17:22:04.635478668Z",
      "End": "2016-05-25T17:22:04.7272552Z",
      "ExitCode": 0,
      "Output": "  File: /etc/passwd\n  Size: 334       \tBlocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   regular file\nDevice: 32h/50d\tInode: 12          Links: 1\nAccess: (0664/-rw-rw-r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)\nAccess: 2015-12-05 22:05:32.000000000\nModify: 2015..."
    },
    {
      "Start": "2016-05-25T17:22:06.732900633Z",
      "End": "2016-05-25T17:22:06.822168935Z",
      "ExitCode": 0,
      "Output": "  File: /etc/passwd\n  Size: 334       \tBlocks: 8          IO Block: 4096   regular file\nDevice: 32h/50d\tInode: 12          Links: 1\nAccess: (0664/-rw-rw-r--)  Uid: (    0/    root)   Gid: (    0/    root)\nAccess: 2015-12-05 22:05:32.000000000\nModify: 2015..."
    },
    {
      "Start": "2016-05-25T17:22:08.823956535Z",
      "End": "2016-05-25T17:22:08.897359124Z",
      "ExitCode": 1,
      "Output": "stat: can't stat '/etc/passwd': No such file or directory\n"
    },
    {
      "Start": "2016-05-25T17:22:10.898802931Z",
      "End": "2016-05-25T17:22:10.969631866Z",
      "ExitCode": 1,
      "Output": "stat: can't stat '/etc/passwd': No such file or directory\n"
    },
    {
      "Start": "2016-05-25T17:22:12.971033523Z",
      "End": "2016-05-25T17:22:13.082015516Z",
      "ExitCode": 1,
      "Output": "stat: can't stat '/etc/passwd': No such file or directory\n"
    }
  ]
}

The health status is also displayed in the docker ps output.

TMPFS (mount tmpfs filesystems)

--tmpfs=[]: Create a tmpfs mount with: container-dir[:<options>],
            where the options are identical to the Linux
            'mount -t tmpfs -o' command.

The example below mounts an empty tmpfs into the container with the rw, noexec, nosuid, and size=65536k options.

$ docker run -d --tmpfs /run:rw,noexec,nosuid,size=65536k my_image

VOLUME (shared filesystems)

-v, --volume=[host-src:]container-dest[:<options>]: Bind mount a volume.
The comma-delimited `options` are [rw|ro], [z|Z],
[[r]shared|[r]slave|[r]private], and [nocopy].
The 'host-src' is an absolute path or a name value.

If neither 'rw' or 'ro' is specified then the volume is mounted in
read-write mode.

The `nocopy` mode is used to disable automatically copying the requested volume
path in the container to the volume storage location.
For named volumes, `copy` is the default mode. Copy modes are not supported
for bind-mounted volumes.

--volumes-from="": Mount all volumes from the given container(s)

Note

When using systemd to manage the Docker daemon's start and stop, in the systemd unit file there is an option to control mount propagation for the Docker daemon itself, called MountFlags. The value of this setting may cause Docker to not see mount propagation changes made on the mount point. For example, if this value is slave, you may not be able to use the shared or rshared propagation on a volume.

The volumes commands are complex enough to have their own documentation in section Use volumes. A developer can define one or more VOLUME's associated with an image, but only the operator can give access from one container to another (or from a container to a volume mounted on the host).

The container-dest must always be an absolute path such as /src/docs. The host-src can either be an absolute path or a name value. If you supply an absolute path for the host-src, Docker bind-mounts to the path you specify. If you supply a name, Docker creates a named volume by that name.

A name value must start with an alphanumeric character, followed by a-z0-9, _ (underscore), . (period) or - (hyphen). An absolute path starts with a / (forward slash).

For example, you can specify either /foo or foo for a host-src value. If you supply the /foo value, Docker creates a bind mount. If you supply the foo specification, Docker creates a named volume.

USER

root (id = 0) is the default user within a container. The image developer can create additional users. Those users are accessible by name. When passing a numeric ID, the user does not have to exist in the container.

The developer can set a default user to run the first process with the Dockerfile USER instruction. When starting a container, the operator can override the USER instruction by passing the -u option.

-u="", --user="": Sets the username or UID used and optionally the groupname or GID for the specified command.

The followings examples are all valid:
--user=[ user | user:group | uid | uid:gid | user:gid | uid:group ]

Note: if you pass a numeric uid, it must be in the range of 0-2147483647. If you pass a username, the user must exist in the container.

WORKDIR

The default working directory for running binaries within a container is the root directory (/). It is possible to set a different working directory with the Dockerfile WORKDIR command. The operator can override this with:

-w="", --workdir="": Working directory inside the container