allow plugins to have argument which match a top-level flag.

The issue with plugin options clashing with globals is that when cobra is
parsing the command line and it comes across an argument which doesn't start
with a `-` it (in the absence of plugins) distinguishes between "argument to
current command" and "new subcommand" based on the list of registered sub
commands.

Plugins breaks that model. When presented with `docker -D plugin -c foo` cobra
parses up to the `plugin`, sees it isn't a registered sub-command of the
top-level docker (because it isn't, it's a plugin) so it accumulates it as an
argument to the top-level `docker` command. Then it sees the `-c`, and thinks
it is the global `-c` (for AKA `--context`) option and tries to treat it as
that, which fails.

In the specific case of the top-level `docker` subcommand we know that it has
no arguments which aren't `--flags` (or `-f` short flags) and so anything which
doesn't start with a `-` must either be a (known) subcommand or an attempt to
execute a plugin.

We could simply scan for and register all installed plugins at start of day, so
that cobra can do the right thing, but we want to avoid that since it would
involve executing each plugin to fetch the metadata, even if the command wasn't
going to end up hitting a plugin.

Instead we can parse the initial set of global arguments separately before
hitting the main cobra `Execute` path, which works here exactly because we know
that the top-level has no non-flag arguments.

One slight wrinkle is that the top-level `PersistentPreRunE` is no longer
called on the plugins path (since it no longer goes via `Execute`), so we
arrange for the initialisation done there (which has to be done after global
flags are parsed to handle e.g. `--config`) to happen explictly after the
global flags are parsed. Rather than make `newDockerCommand` return the
complicated set of results needed to make this happen, instead return a closure
which achieves this.

The new functionality is introduced via a common `TopLevelCommand` abstraction
which lets us adjust the plugin entrypoint to use the same strategy for parsing
the global arguments. This isn't strictly required (in this case the stuff in
cobra's `Execute` works fine) but doing it this way avoids the possibility of
subtle differences in behaviour.

Fixes #1699, and also, as a side-effect, the first item in #1661.

Signed-off-by: Ian Campbell <ijc@docker.com>

cli-plugins/examples/helloworld/main.go

@@ -51,10 +51,6 @@ func main() {
 		cmd := &cobra.Command{
 			Use:   "helloworld",
 			Short: "A basic Hello World plugin for tests",
-			// This is redundant but included to exercise
-			// the path where a plugin overrides this
-			// hook.
-			PersistentPreRunE: plugin.PersistentPreRunE,
 			RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 				if debug {
 					fmt.Fprintf(dockerCli.Err(), "Plugin debug mode enabled")

cli-plugins/plugin/plugin.go

@@ -4,18 +4,32 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
-	"sync"
 
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli-plugins/manager"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/connhelper"
-	cliflags "github.com/docker/cli/cli/flags"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/client"
 	"github.com/spf13/cobra"
-	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )
 
+func runPlugin(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, plugin *cobra.Command, meta manager.Metadata) error {
+	tcmd := newPluginCommand(dockerCli, plugin, meta)
+
+	// Doing this here avoids also calling it for the metadata
+	// command which needlessly initializes the client and tries
+	// to connect to the daemon.
+	plugin.PersistentPreRunE = func(_ *cobra.Command, _ []string) error {
+		return tcmd.Initialize(withPluginClientConn(plugin.Name()))
+	}
+
+	cmd, _, err := tcmd.HandleGlobalFlags()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return cmd.Execute()
+}
+
 // Run is the top-level entry point to the CLI plugin framework. It should be called from your plugin's `main()` function.
 func Run(makeCmd func(command.Cli) *cobra.Command, meta manager.Metadata) {
 	dockerCli, err := command.NewDockerCli()
@@ -26,9 +40,7 @@ func Run(makeCmd func(command.Cli) *cobra.Command, meta manager.Metadata) {
 
 	plugin := makeCmd(dockerCli)
 
-	cmd := newPluginCommand(dockerCli, plugin, meta)
+	if err := runPlugin(dockerCli, plugin, meta); err != nil {
-
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
 		if sterr, ok := err.(cli.StatusError); ok {
 			if sterr.Status != "" {
 				fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Err(), sterr.Status)
@@ -45,40 +57,6 @@ func Run(makeCmd func(command.Cli) *cobra.Command, meta manager.Metadata) {
 	}
 }
 
-// options encapsulates the ClientOptions and FlagSet constructed by
-// `newPluginCommand` such that they can be finalized by our
-// `PersistentPreRunE`. This is necessary because otherwise a plugin's
-// own use of that hook will shadow anything we add to the top-level
-// command meaning the CLI is never Initialized.
-var options struct {
-	name         string
-	init, prerun sync.Once
-	opts         *cliflags.ClientOptions
-	flags        *pflag.FlagSet
-	dockerCli    *command.DockerCli
-}
-
-// PersistentPreRunE must be called by any plugin command (or
-// subcommand) which uses the cobra `PersistentPreRun*` hook. Plugins
-// which do not make use of `PersistentPreRun*` do not need to call
-// this (although it remains safe to do so). Plugins are recommended
-// to use `PersistenPreRunE` to enable the error to be
-// returned. Should not be called outside of a commands
-// PersistentPreRunE hook and must not be run unless Run has been
-// called.
-func PersistentPreRunE(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-	var err error
-	options.prerun.Do(func() {
-		if options.opts == nil || options.flags == nil || options.dockerCli == nil {
-			panic("PersistentPreRunE called without Run successfully called first")
-		}
-		// flags must be the original top-level command flags, not cmd.Flags()
-		options.opts.Common.SetDefaultOptions(options.flags)
-		err = options.dockerCli.Initialize(options.opts, withPluginClientConn(options.name))
-	})
-	return err
-}
-
 func withPluginClientConn(name string) command.InitializeOpt {
 	return command.WithInitializeClient(func(dockerCli *command.DockerCli) (client.APIClient, error) {
 		cmd := "docker"
@@ -111,7 +89,7 @@ func withPluginClientConn(name string) command.InitializeOpt {
 	})
 }
 
-func newPluginCommand(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, plugin *cobra.Command, meta manager.Metadata) *cobra.Command {
+func newPluginCommand(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, plugin *cobra.Command, meta manager.Metadata) *cli.TopLevelCommand {
 	name := plugin.Name()
 	fullname := manager.NamePrefix + name
 
@@ -121,7 +99,6 @@ func newPluginCommand(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, plugin *cobra.Command, meta
 		SilenceUsage:          true,
 		SilenceErrors:         true,
 		TraverseChildren:      true,
-		PersistentPreRunE:     PersistentPreRunE,
 		DisableFlagsInUseLine: true,
 	}
 	opts, flags := cli.SetupPluginRootCommand(cmd)
@@ -135,13 +112,7 @@ func newPluginCommand(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, plugin *cobra.Command, meta
 
 	cli.DisableFlagsInUseLine(cmd)
 
-	options.init.Do(func() {
+	return cli.NewTopLevelCommand(cmd, dockerCli, opts, flags)
-		options.name = name
-		options.opts = opts
-		options.flags = flags
-		options.dockerCli = dockerCli
-	})
-	return cmd
 }
 
 func newMetadataSubcommand(plugin *cobra.Command, meta manager.Metadata) *cobra.Command {
@@ -151,8 +122,6 @@ func newMetadataSubcommand(plugin *cobra.Command, meta manager.Metadata) *cobra.
 	cmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:    manager.MetadataSubcommandName,
 		Hidden: true,
-		// Suppress the global/parent PersistentPreRunE, which needlessly initializes the client and tries to connect to the daemon.
-		PersistentPreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {},
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			enc := json.NewEncoder(os.Stdout)
 			enc.SetEscapeHTML(false)

cli/cobra.go

@@ -2,9 +2,11 @@ package cli
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 
 	pluginmanager "github.com/docker/cli/cli-plugins/manager"
+	"github.com/docker/cli/cli/command"
 	cliconfig "github.com/docker/cli/cli/config"
 	cliflags "github.com/docker/cli/cli/flags"
 	"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/term"
@@ -84,6 +86,77 @@ func FlagErrorFunc(cmd *cobra.Command, err error) error {
 	}
 }
 
+// TopLevelCommand encapsulates a top-level cobra command (either
+// docker CLI or a plugin) and global flag handling logic necessary
+// for plugins.
+type TopLevelCommand struct {
+	cmd       *cobra.Command
+	dockerCli *command.DockerCli
+	opts      *cliflags.ClientOptions
+	flags     *pflag.FlagSet
+	args      []string
+}
+
+// NewTopLevelCommand returns a new TopLevelCommand object
+func NewTopLevelCommand(cmd *cobra.Command, dockerCli *command.DockerCli, opts *cliflags.ClientOptions, flags *pflag.FlagSet) *TopLevelCommand {
+	return &TopLevelCommand{cmd, dockerCli, opts, flags, os.Args[1:]}
+}
+
+// SetArgs sets the args (default os.Args[:1] used to invoke the command
+func (tcmd *TopLevelCommand) SetArgs(args []string) {
+	tcmd.args = args
+	tcmd.cmd.SetArgs(args)
+}
+
+// SetFlag sets a flag in the local flag set of the top-level command
+func (tcmd *TopLevelCommand) SetFlag(name, value string) {
+	tcmd.cmd.Flags().Set(name, value)
+}
+
+// HandleGlobalFlags takes care of parsing global flags defined on the
+// command, it returns the underlying cobra command and the args it
+// will be called with (or an error).
+//
+// On success the caller is responsible for calling Initialize()
+// before calling `Execute` on the returned command.
+func (tcmd *TopLevelCommand) HandleGlobalFlags() (*cobra.Command, []string, error) {
+	cmd := tcmd.cmd
+
+	// We manually parse the global arguments and find the
+	// subcommand in order to properly deal with plugins. We rely
+	// on the root command never having any non-flag arguments.
+	flags := cmd.Flags()
+
+	// We need !interspersed to ensure we stop at the first
+	// potential command instead of accumulating it into
+	// flags.Args() and then continuing on and finding other
+	// arguments which we try and treat as globals (when they are
+	// actually arguments to the subcommand).
+	flags.SetInterspersed(false)
+	defer flags.SetInterspersed(true) // Undo, any subsequent cmd.Execute() in the caller expects this.
+
+	// We need the single parse to see both sets of flags.
+	flags.AddFlagSet(cmd.PersistentFlags())
+	// Now parse the global flags, up to (but not including) the
+	// first command. The result will be that all the remaining
+	// arguments are in `flags.Args()`.
+	if err := flags.Parse(tcmd.args); err != nil {
+		// Our FlagErrorFunc uses the cli, make sure it is initialized
+		if err := tcmd.Initialize(); err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		return nil, nil, cmd.FlagErrorFunc()(cmd, err)
+	}
+
+	return cmd, flags.Args(), nil
+}
+
+// Initialize finalises global option parsing and initializes the docker client.
+func (tcmd *TopLevelCommand) Initialize(ops ...command.InitializeOpt) error {
+	tcmd.opts.Common.SetDefaultOptions(tcmd.flags)
+	return tcmd.dockerCli.Initialize(tcmd.opts, ops...)
+}
+
 // VisitAll will traverse all commands from the root.
 // This is different from the VisitAll of cobra.Command where only parents
 // are checked.

cmd/docker/docker.go

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/pflag"
 )
 
-func newDockerCommand(dockerCli *command.DockerCli) *cobra.Command {
+func newDockerCommand(dockerCli *command.DockerCli) *cli.TopLevelCommand {
 	var (
 		opts    *cliflags.ClientOptions
 		flags   *pflag.FlagSet
@@ -34,51 +34,14 @@ func newDockerCommand(dockerCli *command.DockerCli) *cobra.Command {
 		SilenceUsage:     true,
 		SilenceErrors:    true,
 		TraverseChildren: true,
-		FParseErrWhitelist: cobra.FParseErrWhitelist{
-			// UnknownFlags ignores any unknown
-			// --arguments on the top-level docker command
-			// only. This is necessary to allow passing
-			// --arguments to plugins otherwise
-			// e.g. `docker plugin --foo` is caught here
-			// in the monolithic CLI and `foo` is reported
-			// as an unknown argument.
-			UnknownFlags: true,
-		},
 		RunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 			if len(args) == 0 {
 				return command.ShowHelp(dockerCli.Err())(cmd, args)
 			}
-			plugincmd, err := pluginmanager.PluginRunCommand(dockerCli, args[0], cmd)
+			return fmt.Errorf("docker: '%s' is not a docker command.\nSee 'docker --help'", args[0])
-			if pluginmanager.IsNotFound(err) {
-				return fmt.Errorf(
-					"docker: '%s' is not a docker command.\nSee 'docker --help'", args[0])
-			}
-			if err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
 
-			err = plugincmd.Run()
-			if err != nil {
-				statusCode := 1
-				exitErr, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError)
-				if !ok {
-					return err
-				}
-				if ws, ok := exitErr.Sys().(syscall.WaitStatus); ok {
-					statusCode = ws.ExitStatus()
-				}
-				return cli.StatusError{
-					StatusCode: statusCode,
-				}
-			}
-			return nil
 		},
 		PersistentPreRunE: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			// flags must be the top-level command flags, not cmd.Flags()
-			opts.Common.SetDefaultOptions(flags)
-			if err := dockerCli.Initialize(opts); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
 			return isSupported(cmd, dockerCli)
 		},
 		Version:               fmt.Sprintf("%s, build %s", version.Version, version.GitCommit),
@@ -87,30 +50,28 @@ func newDockerCommand(dockerCli *command.DockerCli) *cobra.Command {
 	opts, flags, helpCmd = cli.SetupRootCommand(cmd)
 	flags.BoolP("version", "v", false, "Print version information and quit")
 
-	setFlagErrorFunc(dockerCli, cmd, flags, opts)
+	setFlagErrorFunc(dockerCli, cmd)
 
-	setupHelpCommand(dockerCli, cmd, helpCmd, flags, opts)
+	setupHelpCommand(dockerCli, cmd, helpCmd)
-	setHelpFunc(dockerCli, cmd, flags, opts)
+	setHelpFunc(dockerCli, cmd)
 
 	cmd.SetOutput(dockerCli.Out())
 	commands.AddCommands(cmd, dockerCli)
 
 	cli.DisableFlagsInUseLine(cmd)
-	setValidateArgs(dockerCli, cmd, flags, opts)
+	setValidateArgs(dockerCli, cmd)
 
-	return cmd
+	// flags must be the top-level command flags, not cmd.Flags()
+	return cli.NewTopLevelCommand(cmd, dockerCli, opts, flags)
 }
 
-func setFlagErrorFunc(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, cmd *cobra.Command, flags *pflag.FlagSet, opts *cliflags.ClientOptions) {
+func setFlagErrorFunc(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	// When invoking `docker stack --nonsense`, we need to make sure FlagErrorFunc return appropriate
 	// output if the feature is not supported.
 	// As above cli.SetupRootCommand(cmd) have already setup the FlagErrorFunc, we will add a pre-check before the FlagErrorFunc
 	// is called.
 	flagErrorFunc := cmd.FlagErrorFunc()
 	cmd.SetFlagErrorFunc(func(cmd *cobra.Command, err error) error {
-		if err := initializeDockerCli(dockerCli, flags, opts); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
 		if err := isSupported(cmd, dockerCli); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -118,17 +79,12 @@ func setFlagErrorFunc(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, cmd *cobra.Command, flags *p
 	})
 }
 
-func setupHelpCommand(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, rootCmd, helpCmd *cobra.Command, flags *pflag.FlagSet, opts *cliflags.ClientOptions) {
+func setupHelpCommand(dockerCli command.Cli, rootCmd, helpCmd *cobra.Command) {
 	origRun := helpCmd.Run
 	origRunE := helpCmd.RunE
 
 	helpCmd.Run = nil
 	helpCmd.RunE = func(c *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-		// No Persistent* hooks are called for help, so we must initialize here.
-		if err := initializeDockerCli(dockerCli, flags, opts); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-
 		if len(args) > 0 {
 			helpcmd, err := pluginmanager.PluginRunCommand(dockerCli, args[0], rootCmd)
 			if err == nil {
@@ -163,14 +119,9 @@ func tryRunPluginHelp(dockerCli command.Cli, ccmd *cobra.Command, cargs []string
 	return helpcmd.Run()
 }
 
-func setHelpFunc(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, cmd *cobra.Command, flags *pflag.FlagSet, opts *cliflags.ClientOptions) {
+func setHelpFunc(dockerCli command.Cli, cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	defaultHelpFunc := cmd.HelpFunc()
 	cmd.SetHelpFunc(func(ccmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
-		if err := initializeDockerCli(dockerCli, flags, opts); err != nil {
-			ccmd.Println(err)
-			return
-		}
-
 		// Add a stub entry for every plugin so they are
 		// included in the help output and so that
 		// `tryRunPluginHelp` can find them or if we fall
@@ -205,7 +156,7 @@ func setHelpFunc(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, cmd *cobra.Command, flags *pflag.
 	})
 }
 
-func setValidateArgs(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, cmd *cobra.Command, flags *pflag.FlagSet, opts *cliflags.ClientOptions) {
+func setValidateArgs(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, cmd *cobra.Command) {
 	// The Args is handled by ValidateArgs in cobra, which does not allows a pre-hook.
 	// As a result, here we replace the existing Args validation func to a wrapper,
 	// where the wrapper will check to see if the feature is supported or not.
@@ -223,9 +174,6 @@ func setValidateArgs(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, cmd *cobra.Command, flags *pf
 
 		cmdArgs := ccmd.Args
 		ccmd.Args = func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
-			if err := initializeDockerCli(dockerCli, flags, opts); err != nil {
-				return err
-			}
 			if err := isSupported(cmd, dockerCli); err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
@@ -234,14 +182,53 @@ func setValidateArgs(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, cmd *cobra.Command, flags *pf
 	})
 }
 
-func initializeDockerCli(dockerCli *command.DockerCli, flags *pflag.FlagSet, opts *cliflags.ClientOptions) error {
+func tryPluginRun(dockerCli command.Cli, cmd *cobra.Command, subcommand string) error {
-	if dockerCli.Client() != nil {
+	plugincmd, err := pluginmanager.PluginRunCommand(dockerCli, subcommand, cmd)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := plugincmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		statusCode := 1
+		exitErr, ok := err.(*exec.ExitError)
+		if !ok {
+			return err
+		}
+		if ws, ok := exitErr.Sys().(syscall.WaitStatus); ok {
+			statusCode = ws.ExitStatus()
+		}
+		return cli.StatusError{
+			StatusCode: statusCode,
+		}
+	}
 	return nil
 }
-	// when using --help, PersistentPreRun is not called, so initialization is needed.
+
-	// flags must be the top-level command flags, not cmd.Flags()
+func runDocker(dockerCli *command.DockerCli) error {
-	opts.Common.SetDefaultOptions(flags)
+	tcmd := newDockerCommand(dockerCli)
-	return dockerCli.Initialize(opts)
+
+	cmd, args, err := tcmd.HandleGlobalFlags()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := tcmd.Initialize(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if len(args) > 0 {
+		if _, _, err := cmd.Find(args); err != nil {
+			err := tryPluginRun(dockerCli, cmd, args[0])
+			if !pluginmanager.IsNotFound(err) {
+				return err
+			}
+			// For plugin not found we fall through to
+			// cmd.Execute() which deals with reporting
+			// "command not found" in a consistent way.
+		}
+	}
+
+	return cmd.Execute()
 }
 
 func main() {
@@ -252,9 +239,7 @@ func main() {
 	}
 	logrus.SetOutput(dockerCli.Err())
 
-	cmd := newDockerCommand(dockerCli)
+	if err := runDocker(dockerCli); err != nil {
-
-	if err := cmd.Execute(); err != nil {
 		if sterr, ok := err.(cli.StatusError); ok {
 			if sterr.Status != "" {
 				fmt.Fprintln(dockerCli.Err(), sterr.Status)

cmd/docker/docker_test.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package main
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"io"
 	"io/ioutil"
 	"os"
 	"testing"
@@ -16,10 +17,12 @@ import (
 func TestClientDebugEnabled(t *testing.T) {
 	defer debug.Disable()
 
-	cmd := newDockerCommand(&command.DockerCli{})
+	tcmd := newDockerCommand(&command.DockerCli{})
-	cmd.Flags().Set("debug", "true")
+	tcmd.SetFlag("debug", "true")
-
+	cmd, _, err := tcmd.HandleGlobalFlags()
-	err := cmd.PersistentPreRunE(cmd, []string{})
+	assert.NilError(t, err)
+	assert.NilError(t, tcmd.Initialize())
+	err = cmd.PersistentPreRunE(cmd, []string{})
 	assert.NilError(t, err)
 	assert.Check(t, is.Equal("1", os.Getenv("DEBUG")))
 	assert.Check(t, is.Equal(logrus.DebugLevel, logrus.GetLevel()))
@@ -27,31 +30,37 @@ func TestClientDebugEnabled(t *testing.T) {
 
 var discard = ioutil.NopCloser(bytes.NewBuffer(nil))
 
-func TestExitStatusForInvalidSubcommandWithHelpFlag(t *testing.T) {
+func runCliCommand(t *testing.T, r io.ReadCloser, w io.Writer, args ...string) error {
-	cli, err := command.NewDockerCli(command.WithInputStream(discard), command.WithCombinedStreams(ioutil.Discard))
+	t.Helper()
+	if r == nil {
+		r = discard
+	}
+	if w == nil {
+		w = ioutil.Discard
+	}
+	cli, err := command.NewDockerCli(command.WithInputStream(r), command.WithCombinedStreams(w))
 	assert.NilError(t, err)
-	cmd := newDockerCommand(cli)
+	tcmd := newDockerCommand(cli)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"help", "invalid"})
+	tcmd.SetArgs(args)
-	err = cmd.Execute()
+	cmd, _, err := tcmd.HandleGlobalFlags()
+	assert.NilError(t, err)
+	assert.NilError(t, tcmd.Initialize())
+	return cmd.Execute()
+}
+
+func TestExitStatusForInvalidSubcommandWithHelpFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	err := runCliCommand(t, nil, nil, "help", "invalid")
 	assert.Error(t, err, "unknown help topic: invalid")
 }
 
 func TestExitStatusForInvalidSubcommand(t *testing.T) {
-	cli, err := command.NewDockerCli(command.WithInputStream(discard), command.WithCombinedStreams(ioutil.Discard))
+	err := runCliCommand(t, nil, nil, "invalid")
-	assert.NilError(t, err)
-	cmd := newDockerCommand(cli)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"invalid"})
-	err = cmd.Execute()
 	assert.Check(t, is.ErrorContains(err, "docker: 'invalid' is not a docker command."))
 }
 
 func TestVersion(t *testing.T) {
 	var b bytes.Buffer
-	cli, err := command.NewDockerCli(command.WithInputStream(discard), command.WithCombinedStreams(&b))
+	err := runCliCommand(t, nil, &b, "--version")
-	assert.NilError(t, err)
-	cmd := newDockerCommand(cli)
-	cmd.SetArgs([]string{"--version"})
-	err = cmd.Execute()
 	assert.NilError(t, err)
 	assert.Check(t, is.Contains(b.String(), "Docker version"))
 }

e2e/cli-plugins/flags_test.go

@@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ package cliplugins
 import (
 	"testing"
 
-	"gotest.tools/assert"
-	is "gotest.tools/assert/cmp"
 	"gotest.tools/icmd"
 )
 
@@ -73,28 +71,18 @@ func TestUnknownGlobal(t *testing.T) {
 	run, _, cleanup := prepare(t)
 	defer cleanup()
 
-	t.Run("no-val", func(t *testing.T) {
+	for name, args := range map[string][]string{
-		res := icmd.RunCmd(run("--unknown", "helloworld"))
+		"no-val":       {"--unknown", "helloworld"},
+		"separate-val": {"--unknown", "foo", "helloworld"},
+		"joined-val":   {"--unknown=foo", "helloworld"},
+	} {
+		t.Run(name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			res := icmd.RunCmd(run(args...))
 			res.Assert(t, icmd.Expected{
 				ExitCode: 125,
+				Out:      icmd.None,
+				Err:      "unknown flag: --unknown",
 			})
-		assert.Assert(t, is.Equal(res.Stdout(), ""))
-		assert.Assert(t, is.Contains(res.Stderr(), "unknown flag: --unknown"))
-	})
-	t.Run("separate-val", func(t *testing.T) {
-		res := icmd.RunCmd(run("--unknown", "foo", "helloworld"))
-		res.Assert(t, icmd.Expected{
-			ExitCode: 125,
-		})
-		assert.Assert(t, is.Equal(res.Stdout(), ""))
-		assert.Assert(t, is.Contains(res.Stderr(), "unknown flag: --unknown"))
-	})
-	t.Run("joined-val", func(t *testing.T) {
-		res := icmd.RunCmd(run("--unknown=foo", "helloworld"))
-		res.Assert(t, icmd.Expected{
-			ExitCode: 125,
-		})
-		assert.Assert(t, is.Equal(res.Stdout(), ""))
-		assert.Assert(t, is.Contains(res.Stderr(), "unknown flag: --unknown"))
 		})
 	}
+}